20-06-2017 (Important News Clippings)
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Macron marches on
His newbie party wins parliamentary majority, sets stage for a new French revolution
TOI Editorials
In what has truly been a grand slam of electoral success, French President Emmanuel Macron’s party En Marche! has won a commanding majority in parliamentary polls. Just a month after Macron won the French presidency on a centrist, pro-reform and business-friendly platform, En Marche! and its allies have picked up around 350 out of 577 seats in the National Assembly. True, that En Marche! was only formed 15 months ago and Macron himself fought his first election at the presidential polls means that the French political leadership today is dominated by upstarts. But it also means that Macron has the requisite mandate to push through reforms to overhaul the burdensome French welfare state – to actually revamp the ancien régime.The only thing that somewhat dims the En Marche! victory is a record low voter turnout. But this can also be put down to the disillusionment with traditional parties, both on the right and left. In fact, the parliamentary polls dealt a heavy blow to Marine Le Pen’s far-right National Front – even though her party was seen to be dominant only a few months ago.
Meanwhile, the Socialist Party that dominated the outgoing assembly has been hammered down to less than 50 seats. Overall France is charting a positive political path even as the Anglo-Saxon world looks for comfort in nostalgia-driven populist politics. All of this really sets the stage for a transformative Macron presidency. He has promised to overhaul labour rules, ease hiring and firing, cut public-sector overhang, and invest heavily in jobs training. These measures are meant to impart fresh energy to the French economy and rein in the unemployment rate which hovers just below 10%.
An open, economically stronger France will be a huge asset for EU, especially now when Brexit talks have begun. In fact, if German Chancellor Angela Merkel is successful in securing another term later this year, she and Macron can partner to make Germany and France the load pillars of a new Europe. But for that to happen, Macron and En Marche! need to move fast. They have successfully navigated the anti-establishment wave in France and offered a message of hope. They must now capitalise on the opportunities and execute their vision of a dynamic, strong and liberal France. That would truly be akin to a new French revolution.
वैश्विक आतंकवाद से निपटने की चुनौती
मौजूदा हालात पर नजर डाली जाए तो अंदाजा लग जाता है कि दुनिया में आतंकवाद से लड़ाई लंबी चलने वाली है। इसके लिए जरूरी है कि विभिन्न देश अपने-अपने स्तर पर पूरी ईमानदारी बरतें। बता रहे हैं हरदीप पुरी
Firm resolve
A resolution regime is in place to deal with financial sector bankruptcies. The government must stand by it.
Editorial
Last week, the Union Cabinet approved the Financial Resolution and Deposit Insurance Bill, 2017, a new framework for dealing with bankruptcies in banks, insurance firms, pension funds, systemically important entities and other entities. At the heart of this Bill is a resolution corporation with a mandate to identify financial firms that are weak and take preventive measures in cases where the net worth — owned capital minus reserves — is positive, or initiate liquidation proceedings and protect depositors, insurance policy holders and others within reasonable limits. This should complement the resolution regime in place for non-financial firms — with the RBI referring 12 big loan defaulters to the National Company Law Board, the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 is now being tested.
The core of this approach, which evolved internationally after the 2008 global financial crisis, is to ensure financial stability, prevent economic disruption and more importantly, bail out banks and financial institutions by using public funds or taxpayers’ money in the hope of instilling greater market discipline. The Financial Sector Legislative Reforms Commission too had recommended such a framework. This was one of the few institutional changes the regulators including the RBI did not oppose. Getting this initiative started should not be difficult. The Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation, an arm of the RBI which insures deposits of up to Rs 1 lakh when a commercial or co-operative bank is liquidated, fulfills the role of a resolution corporation partly, though without the powers to step in early or to act as a receiver. Moreover, India’s case is different from the West. There have been few bank failures in India with recourse to public funds and the banking regulator and the government quick to merge a bank in trouble with a bigger peer. But as the current crisis in the banking industry shows, delays in addressing the operational, financial and other issues of banks pose not just risks to the stability of the financial system but also forces huge infusion of capital, at the cost of social sector spending. Early intervention in such cases is a key to resolution. The RBI putting half a dozen state-owned banks under Prompt Corrective Action points to what could be a new approach.
The new resolution regime and the government’s resolve will be tested when a state-owned bank or institution is notified for liquidation. For, there is the risk of a contagion or a domino effect when a large financial firm fails. The tools available for resolution, besides the ability of the stakeholders to ensure secrecy of the liquidation process, will prove critical to the success of the initiative.
गोरखालैंड की चिनगारी
संपादकीय
भाषा के आधार पर एक बार फिर अलग गोरखालैंड की मांग ने सिर उठाया है। इस बार आंदोलन के हिंसक रुख अख्तियार कर लेने से तीन आंदोलनकारी मारे गए और कई घायल हो गए। अब गोरखा जन मुक्तिमोर्चा ने इस आंदोलन को बेमियादी घोषित कर दिया है। उधर पश्चिम बंगाल की मुख्यमंत्री ममता बनर्जी इस आंदोलन के पीछे साजिश देख रही हैं। छह साल पहले भी इसी तरह आंदोलन के हिंसक रुख ले लेने के बाद पुलिस की गोली से तीन आंदोलनकारी मारे गए थे। हालांकि अदालत इस आंदोलन को गैरकानूनी करार दे चुकी है, पर गोरखा जन मुक्तिमोर्चा के नेता अपनी मांग पर अड़े हुए हैं। जाहिर है कि इस आंदोलन का कोई व्यावहारिक नतीजा नहीं निकलने वाला। अलबत्ता इसके चलते वहां का जनजीवन अस्त-व्यस्त हो गया है और पर्यटकों के आने के इस मौसम में स्थानीय लोगों के रोजी-रोजगार पर प्रतिकूल प्रभाव पड़ने की आशंका पैदा हो गई है।
अलग गोरखालैंड बनाने की मांग अस्सी के दशक में उठी थी। तब सुभाष घीसिंग ने गोरखा नेशनल लिबरेशन फ्रंट गठित कर इस आंदोलन की शुरुआत की थी। तर्क दिया गया था कि जब भाषा के आधार पर सभी राज्यों का गठन हुआ है, तो गोरखालैंड को क्यों पश्चिम बंगाल की सीमा में रखा जाना चाहिए। पश्चिम बंगाल के दार्जिलिंग वाले इलाके के लोग नेपाली बोलते हैं। इसलिए उनकी लंबे समय से शिकायत रही है कि बंगाल सरकार उनके साथ भाषा के आधार पर भेदभाव करती रही है। तब पश्चिम बंगाल सरकार ने गोरखा नेशनल लिबरेशन फ्रंट के साथ समझौता किया और दार्जिलिंग गोरखा हिल्स काउंसिल बनाने पर सहमति बनी। फिर करीब बीस सालों तक इस पहाड़ी जिले में शांति रही। मगर बिमल गुरुंग ने गोरखा नेशनल लिबरेशन फ्रंट से अलग होकर गोरखा जन मुक्तिमोर्चा का गठन किया और नए सिरे से अलग गोरखालैंड की मांग उठा दी। जब उत्तराखंड, झारखंड और तेलंगाना का गठन हुआ तो इस मांग को और बल मिला। हालांकि इन तीन राज्यों का गठन विकास के तर्क पर हुआ था। इसलिए भी भाषा के आधार पर अलग गोरखालैंड की मांग को बल नहीं मिल पा रहा।
यह सही है कि विकास में गति लाने, सभी क्षेत्रों तक कानून-व्यवस्था सुचारु बनाने और लोगों की विकास में सहभागिता सुनिश्चित करने के लिए राज्यों का आकार छोटा रखा जाना चाहिए। इस आधार पर कुछ नए राज्य बने भी। मगर अब भी कई राज्यों का आकार बड़ा है। मगर अलग गोरखालैंड की मांग का आधार विकास न होकर भाषा होने की वजह से यह महज राजनीतिक महत्त्वाकांक्षा पोषित करने का आधार बन कर रह गया है। गोरखा जन मुक्तिमोर्चा को अपने आंदोलन को धार देने का मौका इस समय इसलिए भी मिल गया है कि पश्चिम बंगाल सरकार ने आदेश पारित किया है कि राज्य के सभी स्कूलों में अनिवार्य रूप से बांग्ला भाषा पढ़ाई जाए। गोरखा जन मुक्तिमोर्चा का तर्क है कि राज्य सरकार इस तरह उनके ऊपर बांग्ला भाषा थोपना चाहती है। जबकि हकीकत यह है कि सरकारी नौकरियों के लिहाज से इस भाषा की पढ़ाई-लिखाई अहम है। अब भाषा के आधार पर राज्यों के गठन की मांग में दम नहीं रह गया है। पहले इस आधार पर हुए राज्यों के गठन पर ही सवाल उठते रहे हैं। इसलिए गोरखा जन मुक्तिमोर्चा के नेताओं को अपने क्षेत्र के विकास और लोगों के हित को ध्यान में रख कर आंदोलन की दिशा पर विचार करना चाहिए।
Date:19-06-17
आधार की धार
संपादकीय
निजता को मौलिक अधिकार मानने तथा विशिष्ट पहचान पत्र (आधार) से इस अधिकार का हनन होने का दावा करने वाली याचिका पर भले सर्वोच्च न्यायालय का फैसला आना अभी बाकी हो, केंद्र सरकार ‘आधार’ की धार और तेज करती जा रही है। अंतिम फैसला जब भी आए, न्यायालय कई अंतरिम फैसले दे चुका है। पिछले चार महीनों में सर्वोच्च अदालत के दो फैसले आए, और दोनों से सरकार को झटका लगा। इस साल मार्च में अदालत ने कहा था कि सरकार अपनी कल्याणकारी योजनाओं के लिए आधार को अनिवार्य नहीं बना सकती। यह अलग बात है कि एक के बाद एक कल्याणकारी कार्यक्रमों में भी आधार अनिवार्य जैसा ही हो गया है। पिछले दिनों अदालत का एक और अंतरिम फैसला आया, जिसके तहत उसने पैन कार्ड के आबंटन और आय कर रिटर्न दाखिल करने के लिए आधार नंबर अनिवार्य करने संबंधी आय कर कानून के प्रावधानों के अमल पर रोक लगा दी। अलबत्ता अदालत ने यह भी कहा था कि उसके फैसले से आय कर कानून में हुए संशोधन की संवैधानिक वैधता पर कोई आंच नहीं आती; संशोधन के तौर पर जोड़ी गई आय कर कानून की धारा 139 एए वैध है, इस पर फिलहाल आंशिक रोक ही रहेगी। लेकिन इन अंतरिम फैसलों से सरकार के उत्साह पर कोई फर्क नहीं पड़ा है। वह एक के बाद एक आधार का दायरा बढ़ाती जा रही है।
पिछले हफ्ते एक आदेश जारी कर सरकार ने बैंक खाता खोलने और पचास हजार रुपए या उससे ज्यादा के लेन-देन के लिए आधार नंबर अनिवार्य कर दिया। साथ ही, सभी वर्तमान बैंक खाताधारकों को इस साल के अंत तक आधार नंबर जमा कराने को कहा गया है। इस निर्धारित अवधि में जो अपना आधार नंबर बैंक को नहीं देंगे, उनके खातों के संचालन पर रोक लगा दी जाएगी। लब्बोलुआब यह कि जिस-जिस वित्तीय काम में पहले केवल पैन नंबर देना पर्याप्त था, वहां-वहां अब आधार नंबर भी जरूरी बना दिया गया है। इसके पीछे सरकार का अपना तर्क है, वह यह कि पैन कार्ड नकली भी बन जाते हैं, कर-चोरी या अनियमितता के इरादे से एक व्यक्ति के पास कई-कई पैन कार्ड होने के ढेर मामले पकड़े जा चुके हैं। पैन कार्ड बनवाने में बहुत सारी गड़बड़ियां उजागर हुई हैं। करीब दस लाख पैन कार्ड रद््द हो चुके हैं। जबकि आधार कार्ड में संबंधित व्यक्ति का बायोमीट्रिक ब्योरा आ जाने के कारण उसके लिए दूसरा आधार कार्ड बनवाना संभव नहीं होता।
पारदर्शिता के तकाजे से आधार नंबर की मांग के औचित्य से इनकार नहीं किया जा सकता। पर जब आधार की संवैधानिकता को ही सर्वोच्च अदालत में चुनौती दी गई हो और इस पर संविधान पीठ का फैसला आना बाकी हो, तो थोड़े-थोड़े अंतराल पर आधार की अनिवार्यता का दायरा बढ़ाते जाने के फरमान सरकार की उतावली को ही दर्शाते हैं। विडंबना यह है कि सबके लिए सब जगह आधार अनिवार्य करती जा रही सरकार ने चुनावी चंदे से संबंधित जो नया प्रावधान किया है वह पारदर्शिता के तकाजे से कतई मेल नहीं खाता। नए प्रावधान के मुताबिक राजनीतिक दल कंपनियों से असीमित राशि का चंदा ले सकेंगे, और कंपनियों के लिए इसका हिसाब रखना जरूरी नहीं होगा। यह भी कम विचित्र नहीं है कि आधार के लिए गजब का जोश एक ऐसी पार्टी दिखा रही है जिसने विपक्ष में रहते हुए इसका विरोध करने में कोई कसर नहीं छोड़ी थी।
New playground for non-state actors
‘Internet-enabled’ terrorism has introduced greater complexity in an already difficult scenario
M.K. Narayanan is a former National Security Adviser and a former Governor of West Bengal
Hidden terror was, till now, believed to be confined mainly to the less developed regions of the world — the 9/11 attack in the U.S. was seen as an aberration, or exception, rather than the rule in this respect. Since 2015, however, with the attack in January of that year on the Charlie Hebdo offices in Paris, followed by a series of major terrorist incidents in Brussels, Paris, Nice, Berlin and Istanbul during the past two years, it is evident that the developed world is no longer immune from terror strikes.
The Islamic State (IS) has claimed responsibility for the vast majority of these attacks, though this may not be true in all cases. What is not disputed any longer is that the West now has a sizeable number of radicalised Islamist elements who are willing to perpetrate acts of terror — either on their own, or under instructions from elsewhere.
Timeline of the new phase
Terrorism can be said today to be the single most serious threat to peace across the world. Several aspects, political, security and developmental, are affected adversely by terrorism. Meanwhile, those indulging in acts of terror appear to have moved beyond the earlier non-traditional, non-state actors who were legatees of the Afghan Jihad (1979-1989). The new breed of radicalised terrorists is not overly dependent on external sponsors or state support. Their inspiration is different. While their origins may be traced to outfits such as al-Qaeda and its affiliates — and they still continue to adopt the techniques and belong to the same genre of terror — they are distinct.
The United Kingdom, which has a reputation of possessing the best counter-terrorist organisation in Europe, and displays a steely resolve not to allow emotion to cloud its judgment unlike many other European nations, has lately been hit in rapid succession, by three significant terror attacks. This is indicative of the shifting trajectory of terror today, and the determination of ‘new era’ terrorists to attack not only ‘soft states’, but even those who pride themselves on being fully prepared to meet all contingencies.
The first of the attacks occurred in March. This came after a gap of several years following the 2005 terror attacks in London. The March attack took place on Westminster Bridge and in the shadow of the Big Ben, in which five persons were killed and around 50 injured.
A far more serious terrorist incident occurred subsequently in Manchester in May, in which at least 22 people were killed and more than a hundred injured. It featured a home-grown ‘jihadist’, whose victims were mostly teenagers attending a music concert, possibly the first instance of a large scale killing by the IS in the U.K. There had been prior warnings that the IS would focus on ‘soft targets’ and large crowds, rather than on protected areas with high security. The IS propaganda magazine ‘Rumiyah’ had specifically listed ‘concert halls’ as ideal target locations for attacks, while publishing a lengthy defence on the killing of women and children in ‘crusader’ countries.
The IS has claimed responsibility for the latest June 3 attack. This resulted in the killing of eight persons, and injuries to more than 40. The attackers utilised a van driven at high speed across the London Bridge to mow down bystanders in its wake. The attackers proceeded, thereafter, to knife many more persons in the neighbouring Borough Market. Similarities between the March and June terror attacks in London are quite eerie. So, likewise, are the similarities between the May 22 Manchester attack in the U.K., and the November 13, 2015, Bataclan terror attack in Paris.
Copycat methods
Copycat methods have often featured in IS attacks. In both the London attacks, vans were used, and even the locale was much the same. Not to be lost sight of also is the fact that in quite a few other IS-sponsored attacks vans/trucks have been employed. Instances of this kind have been reported earlier in Stockholm, Antwerp, Berlin and Nice in the past two years.
All this needs to be viewed against the backdrop of the complicated pattern of relationships that exist between various radical Islamist terrorist organisations worldwide. These exist, notwithstanding the fact that the IS, for instance, preaches an exclusive brand of puritanical Islam alongside a vision of a new Caliphate, while some of the other terrorist organisations do not fully subscribe to this ideal. The reality is that many present-day terrorists have a common origin, and this includes the IS and al-Qaeda, though they may be rivals today. A fair amount of cooperation at the operational level is hence inevitable, and does exist among terror outfits, alongside a commonality in tactics and techniques, including in the use of high grade explosives such as TATP (Triacetone Triperoxide).
What also cannot be ignored while comparing the banal with ground realities is that terrorism is becoming even more asymmetric by the day. This is becoming more evident by the day as new terrorist groups emerge. Collaboration agreements among terror outfits are, meantime, increasing, with signs of greater sophistication in the means and methods to perpetuate terror.
This last aspect is especially important. Both ‘direct to home jihad’ and the ‘lone wolf’ syndrome have gained new meanings of late. Radicalisation via the Internet has attained a whole new dimension. Propaganda via the Internet today involves far more than mere recruitment imperatives, even though elaborate recruitment videos continue to be distributed via the social media, which depict the IS fighters as ‘knights’. All this still remains highly appealing to some Muslim youth. Nevertheless, a far more dangerous aspect today is the arrival of ‘Internet-enabled’ terrorism. This has introduced a far greater degree of indeterminate complexity into an already difficult scenario. The result is that the ‘lone wolf’ is no longer alone. Internet-enabled terror involves violence conceived and guided by “controllers” thousands of miles away. The attacks are masterminded from afar, guided via the Internet, and the actual perpetrators of violence act almost like robots.
‘Enabled’ or ‘remote-controlled’ terrorism is fundamentally different from anything seen previously. Remote controllers choose the target, the actual operative, the ‘nature’ of the attack, and even the weapon to be used. Operating behind a wall of anonymity, this helps obscure the role played by individual members of terrorist groups, who utilise various individuals to carry out attacks and leave no trace.
Specific instances already exist of the IS undertaking this kind of recruitment via the Internet. Thereafter, the individual is guided through every single step along the way for several months by anonymous “handlers” to carry out a terror attack. This marks a quantum jump as far as the terror matrix is concerned. We are possibly still at the beginning of the curve as far as the phenomena of ‘enabled’ or ‘remote-controlled’ terrorism is concerned; yet, the impact of this could be quite shattering.
Remote-plotting
The IS appears to be in the lead in this respect as of now. Other international terrorist organisations are also beginning to resort to ‘remote-plotting’. Such situations will result in little or no dependence on the maintenance of safe havens for the plotters, since the plotters are anonymous. Visa restrictions and airport security, including perimeter security of the installations to be targeted, would again mean little to attackers, since they will strike where they live, and will no longer have to travel abroad or long distances for both training and action.
Welcome, hence, to the world of ‘cyber-planners’, who will be responsible for planning terror attacks, identifying recruits, assess possible opportunities, act as “virtual coachers”, and provide guidance and encouragement throughout the process. These elements could be involved in every single planning stage of an operation, including where to obtain weapons that will be needed for use. All the while, the ‘cyber planners’ and ‘cyber controllers’ would be able to maintain almost total anonymity.
The Internet has thus become a dangerous ‘plaything’ in the hands of the many of the new-era terror outfits. Some like the IS are said to be also preparing to use the ‘deep web’ and the ‘dark net’. The ‘dark net’, in particular, could become a vicious instrument in the hands of terrorist groups such as the IS.